The Death Of Black And Purple Rings - 1820 Words

His ash brown hair cascading like a waterfall down to his shoulder, his bushy eyebrows blew in all directions as the wind stroked his face. He wore a ragged light green jacket and a pair of denim jeans that were torn at the knees, which rested just above his skeleton-like ankles. I looked up and saw his eyes filled with despair and loneliness, as if he had realised a lack of presence in his life, they were surrounded by bags of black and purple rings. His long symmetrical nose was perfectly placed above his crooked-chapped lips which displayed two faint lines on each side of his face, giving his face the impression of someone who used to smile often, albeit the square firm jaw revealed the portrait of a man who knew only failure. I discretely glanced at his eyes again hoping he would not notice me, however this time he looked straight back into my eyes. I felt as if I was being drowned by a huge wave of sympathy and guilt. I felt like all his pain and suffering had been caused by me. It was now impossible for me to look away from his gaze which was slowly taking me to a whole different world. My vision began to blur as I had realised my eyes were building up with tears, I suddenly felt a light-damp tingle travelling down from my eyes all the way down to my chin until it hit the dry ground and this was bringing me back straight into reality. I looked around to adjust myself into my surroundings. I quickly wiped my face as I wondered why this had happened, I immediately saw aShow MoreRelatedMasque Of The Red Death Symbolism Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Black Death, also known as The Red Death, killed over sixty percent of Europe’s population. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, written by Ed gar Allan Poe, is about wealth and privilege, where the prince hides from the Red Death with his revelers. Poe uses symbols such as setting, objects, along with characters to reveal an allegorical theme. Thus being the theme, everyone will perish, even the wealthy and privileged. Each apartment in the abbey is a symbol that supports the theme. The apartmentsRead MorePrince Of The Red Death1384 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the Red Death had demolished the country, Prince Prospero invited one thousand of his friends to a masquerade, in order to escape the Red Death, ...and while the pestilence raged most furiously abroad, that the Prince Prospero entertained his thousand friends at a masked ball of the most unusual magnificence (Poe 1). Poe indicates that Prince Prospero shielded his noble friends, as the Red Death continued to decrease the population. Prince Prospero and his fellow nobles were among the upperRead MorePowerless to Evade the Grip of Death in Poes The Mask of the Red Death621 Words   |  3 PagesIs it possible to evade death during a massive plague that is killing millions? Edgar Allan Poe uses setting, theme and plot in the â€Å"Mask of the Red Death† to illustrate that no one can escape death. Death is everywhere either someone dies or experiences a loss in there lifetime. The mask of the red death is an allegory, which means that is a short story with two meanings. The short story uses literal elements such as plot and the colors of the room. It also has a large philosophical meaning likeRead MoreAnalysis Of Masque Of The Red Death 969 Words   |  4 Pages4 May 2015 One Must Face Death in â€Å"Masque of The Red Death† Death is unavoidable. It is something that no one can escape. Edgar Allan Poe is a well-known author in literature and was greatly influenced by the way death was presented in life and the resurrection of the dead. In â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, Poe uses symbolism, personification, and imagery to illustrate how death is inevitable and how life will ultimately lead to death. The theme of death being inevitable is firstRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe wrote the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† in 1842. While only one1200 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe wrote the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† in 1842. While only one character is actually named, Prince Prospero, the story builds apprehension just based on the descriptions and not on dialogue. The narrator is never named and it is a mystery as to this person’s involvement in the story. The ambiguousness of the narrator also helps build the drama throughout the story. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† tells the story of a group of wealthy people who are trying to ignore andRead MoreSymbolism in the Masque of the Red Death Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesArrogance Kills Edgar Allen Poes The Masque of the Red Death is a typical dark Poe story, but it contains some unique themes and symbolism. In the story a disease known as the Red Death is ravaging the fictional place where the story is set, and it causes its victims to die quickly and painfully. Even though this disease is spreading rampantly, the prince, Prospero, does not care. He decides to lock the gates of his palace in order to keep away from the plague, ignoring the illness that is ravagingRead MoreThe Masque Of The Red Death Analysis1093 Words   |  5 Pagescoming up with new innovations, they have yet to solve one problem: death. The following tale about to unfold before you is an emblem that death is inevitable. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† may seem like a grotesque story, but in reality it shows the symbolism that no one can escape their fate. This story shows that the amount of wealth you have is no match for your ultimate demise. As a horrible plague (the â€Å"Red Death†) devoured any one who stepped foot in its path, â€Å"Prince ProsperoRead MoreDramatic Elements In The Masque Of The Red Death925 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Literature Edgar Allan Poe, a popular writer, who lived during the mid-1800s wrote gothic short stories and poetry. In one of his stories,â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death,† there is a prince, Prince Prospero, who locks himself and a chosen group of people into his castle to escape from a contagious pestilence, â€Å"the Red Death†. At the castle, he throws a masquerade ball and an unknown figure shows up looking like the disease. Nobody knows who it is or how they got in, throughout the story, theRead MoreThe Death Of The United States900 Words   |  4 PagesRing around the rosy a pocket full of posies begins playing the dancing death song round and round inside my head every time I look back at my life. When the news of the plague began hitting other towns around me that is when I became frightened that my city was being quickly destroyed. I started pleading my husband to not leave the house but he called me insane his words were who else would bring the money to the table. He never was a good listener and it was when my husband passed away thatRead MoreMy Psychoanalytic Views of Two Short Stories1454 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic literary criticism is a very common method of analyzing stories such as The White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allen Poe. Sylvia, a shy girl, who is rather naive and innocent. For most of her life has been sheltered from the atrocities of life. Being shielded from the outside world she hasn’t come to the conclusion that people can be bad. However

Medicine During the Civil War - 1813 Words

Medicine During the Civil War 1861-1865 When Walt Whitman wrote that he believed the real war would never get into the books, this is the side he was talking about (Belferman 1996). Yet, it is important that we remember and recall the medical side of the conflict too, as horrible and terrifying as it was (Adams 1952). Long before doctors and people knew anything about bacteria and what caused disease was the time of Civil War medicine. Doctors during the Civil War (always referred to as surgeons) were incredibly unprepared. Most surgeons had as little as two years of medical school because very few pursued further education. At that time, Harvard Medical School did not even own a single stethoscope or microscope until well after the†¦show more content†¦The hospital was normally located near the front lines (sometimes only a mile) and was identified with yellow flag with a green H. This process started in the Federal Army from 1862 and on. Many people have a mental picture of a Civil War surgeon being a heartless individual that was the cause of so many fatalities involving amputations and unclean operations. In reality, this is a false statement. The medical director of the Army of the Potomac, Dr. Jonathan Letterman, wrote this report after the battle of Antietam: The surgery of these battle-fields has been pronounced butchery. Gross misrepresentations of the conduct of medical officers have been made and scattered broadcast over the country, causing deep and heart-rending anxiety to those who had friends or relatives in the army, who might at any moment require the services of a surgeon. It is not to be supposed that there were no incompetent surgeons in the army. It is certainly true that there were; but these sweeping denunciations against a class of men who will favorably compare with the military surgeons of any country, because of the incompetency and short-comings of a few, are wrong, and do injustice to a body of men who have labored faithfully and well. It is easy to magnify an existing evil until it is beyond the bounds of truth. It is equally easy to pass by the good that has been done on the other side. Some medical officers lost their lives in theirShow MoreRelatedMedicine During The Civil War1548 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Civil War, medicine was an important aspect for every soldier due to the fact that many soldiers had to fight and ended up with injuries also there were many types of illnesses. In this essay, I will focus on the advance of medicine during the Civil War. Also how the soldiers and civilians were treated as well as how sanitize their location was, are questions I will try to answer. Also, I will like to include some of most known causes of deaths during the Civil War and the types of diseasesRead More Medicine During the Civil War Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pages Medicine During the Civil War 1861-1865 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Walt Whitman wrote that he believed the â€Å"real war† would never get into the books, this is the side he was talking about (Belferman 1996). Yet, it is important that we remember and recall the medical side of the conflict too, as horrible and terrifying as it was (Adams 1952). Long before doctors and people knew anything about bacteria and what caused disease was the time of Civil War medicine. Doctors during the Civil WarRead MoreAdvancements in Med-Care since the Civil War Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Civil War often gets credit for ending slavery and reshaping the federal government in this country. But the war between the states has another, often overlooked legacy: It may have started a new era in modern medicine† (â€Å"Civil War Medicine Quotes†). Contamination of medical equipment, poor sanitation methods, and lack of efficient medical procedures all led to the spread of disease, which resulted in death. Howeve r, modern medicine has significantly improved from the Civil War, due to itsRead MoreEssay about Civil War Medicine1201 Words   |  5 Pages During the Civil War, they had to have many medicines, operations, and surgeries done to themselves or others in order to survive (Jenny Goellnitz, Paragraph 1). Some of these medicines we still use today. Medical technology and scientific knowledge have changed dramatically since the Civil War, but the basic principles of military health care remain the same. The deadliest thing that faced the Civil War soldier was disease. For every soldier who died in battle, two died from disease. The soldiersRead MoreThe Slang Term For Doctors Of The Civil War1325 Words   |  6 PagesSawbones is the slang term for doctors of the Civil War. How an esteemed figure like as doctor could be associated with such a name might come as a surprise to those unaware of the gruesome medical tactics used on both sides of the war. A bonesaw, which is exactly what it sounds like, was a tool commonly used by doctors of the war to amputate limbs beyond repair caused by various types of weaponry, primarily gunshots. However barbaric they may seem, the medical treatments and procedures used on woundedRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Devastating Time For The United States Of America883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was a devastating time for the United States of America. During this time the United States was divided. The Civil War was a four year long battle. It is known as one of the bloodiest battles ever fought. Consequently it was fought between people of the same country. We were divid ed between the North and the South. The cause of the Civil War was slavery. The North was against it and wanted slavery abolished. On the other hand the South did not want to part with slavery. Both the NorthRead MoreEllianne Heppler. Mr.David. Research Project. 05/08/2017.1700 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Research Project 05/08/2017 The Civil War and how it happened with A Little Twist! Think of the darkest place that terrifies people to their very core and then multiply that times 100. During the Civil War a lot of bad things happened from April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865. On April 12, 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter happened to be one of the least casualties battles. No one was hurt until a shot was accidentally misfired. That is what started the war. But that was the least of their worriesRead MoreThe Civil War Has A Tremendous Death Toll1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War had a tremendous death toll. In fact, it had more deaths than any of the previous wars combined. At the time, it was thought that the soldiers in battle died from the wounds or amputations they received. The true cause of death came from disease. These harsh conditions were contributed by unqualified doctors and non-sterile equipment. During the Civil War, the true issue was not only the wounds received in battle but the infectious diseases that ultimately led to the soldier’s dea thRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody Time For Everyone Alive1541 Words   |  7 Pages If the Civil War could be described in only one word, that one word would be tragedy. Such a bloody time for everyone alive in what is now know as The United States of America. The Civil War took pace in the years of 1861-1865 there were multiple reasons as to why the Civil War broke out but the number one reason for the Civl War was, the diverse opinions on the issue of slavery. Slavery was such a horrific thing going on at this time in history, but not all people who owned slaves treated themRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address 1669 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Take-Home Questions AUHIS 454: the Civil War Zoraa Lutas QUESTION 1 Abraham Lincoln speech given at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863 was described by Senator Charles Sumner, in 1865, stating â€Å"the battle itself was less important than the speech.† Explain. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was not given the spotlight at the Soldiers’ National Cemetery on November 19, 1863, and was instead invited to give a few remarks. In fact Edward Everett’s speech would have been the official

Michael Schmittinger. Mr. Homan, P.3. America In History

Michael Schmittinger Mr. Homan, p.3 America in History III, 6.0 February 13th, 2017 Abort Roe v. Wade Since the 1973 court case of Roe v. Wade, around 38 million women have gotten away with murder (Williams 54). An abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often occurring in the first 28 weeks (Merriam). The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade ruled that abortions performed in the first trimester are legal and abortions performed out of that time period were to be decided by the individual state (Blackmun). The history of abortions goes all the way back regardless of whether it was legal or not. Women would either find costly doctor s willing to do it or use dangerous methods to do it themselves. As time†¦show more content†¦In addition to that, abortions can tarnish the relationships within a family. The mother who had the abortion may experience worsening relationships with her parents, her children (if any), and most often her spouse. If the woman’s relationship with her spouse does come to an end, the problems for pre-existing children may a rise even more. For example, 71% of teenage pregnancies occur with children of single parents and 63% of youth suicides occur in children without a father (Impact). This shows just how drastically an abortion can harm a family and ruin the up and coming generations. Also, the normalization of abortion is very detrimental to the success of the millennials. As kids are growing up during this generation, society is constantly portraying abortion as an expected pathway to take for an unwanted child. This idea teaches our youth lessons opposite of what they’re normally told. For instance, it teaches them that they can bypass the consequences of a situation instead of accepting them and dealing with it. Also, it influences children to go against the much encouraged sexual abstinence. The legalization of abortion encourages sexual activity among teens because they now feel safe knowing that if all goes wrong they can resort to an abortion. In accordance with the increase in sexual a ctivity among the youth is the growth in the amount of teens with sexually transmitted diseases (The

What A Lot Of People Do Not Know - 2305 Words

What a lot of people do not know is that a lot of famous literary pieces that readers find so relatable were actually based off of instances in the author’s own lives. A lot of times authors will take experiences from their personal lives and incorporate them into their work. Although the characters are fictional, the events that happen and the feelings they experience are not. Rather, the stories are based off something traumatic that has happened to the author, and the writer is also making up characters that secretly parallel people from his/her life. A lot of times authors â€Å"use fiction to tell the truth,† meaning that the characters and some events might be made up, but the themes, emotions, and outcomes are not. Authors like Edgar†¦show more content†¦To begin, a better understanding of Poe’s work can be made possible by relating his work directly back to the events in his life. Some critics say that the central figure of a lot of literary work s, however disguised, tends to be the image of the â€Å"romancer† himself. This indicates that a lot of well-known writers, including Poe, tend to parallel the protagonist to themselves. There are many events that have happened in Poe’s life that have had a significant impact on him and that have been exemplified through his writing. Poe led a troubled life, premiering when both of his parents died before he turned three, his mother dying of tuberculosis. After being adopted by a wealthy family, Poe studied at the University of Virginia. His adoptive father refused to pay his bills, which resulted in Poe being removed from the institution. Within a few years, Poe’s adopted mother died of tuberculosis as well, and Poe eventually married his thirteen year old cousin, Virginia. She coincidentally acquired tuberculosis and died as well. After the three most important women of his life died, Poe began to drink heavily, forming an alcohol addiction. From this small s ummary of Poe’s life, it is clear that he has suffered many devastations that are hard to deal with. Following these troubling

Accounting Software Packages In Australia

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Software for Packages In Australia. Answer: Introduction: Accounting software or packages refer to the types of application software which commemorate a process of accounting dealings in operational modules that include payroll, accounts payable, trial balance, and accounts receivable. It operates like a reporting information scheme (Business review, 2014). The accounting software has been considered to make work easy in accounting firms that operate on a daily basis. With the accounting software or packages, a firm is likely to serve many customers at a given time and, hence saving time. Among the kind of enterprises that use accounting software or packages include banks, insurance companies, and credit companies. Other organizations include hospitals and learning institutions (Curtis, 2013). History, Development and Adoption of Accounting Software/Packages As years go by, the more financial reporting relies on computers for almost every accounting task in our daily operation. Computers are the ones running our industries in the most efficient way and have enhanced worldwide communication in accounting. The primary time computers were used for accounting purposes is 1955. Examples of accounting software or packages that have been used in Australia include Mind Your Own Business (MYOB), Intuit QuickBooks, Xero, Saasu, and Quicken. The first companies to use these packages were the ones that developed them as mentioned above (Marsden, 2014). Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) was developed and first used for accounting services in the 1980s. The idea of the software was initiated by Christopher Lee and his team of programmers at Teleware Inc. who worked as a team and came up with the software. Intuit QuickBooks on the other hand, was developed in 1983 and that is the time it was tested. The first release could not operate well as double-entry accounting software. Its version was DOS that used quicken code bases. It was effective for private enterprises that did not have formal financial reporting. However, the second and subsequent editions were modified and it became most effective for all the accounting needs. Other packages like Saasu, Reckon, and Xero also came up. Saasu was developed in the year 2000 by Grant Young and Marc Lehman on the grounds of automating enterprises. Its abilities include inventory services, the point of sale, payroll, workflow and document control, CRM, and purchasing (Smith, 2015). Quicken was developed in 1987 by Reckon software company to offer digital and cloud-based solutions for accounting. Xero software was developed in 2006 and aimed at enhancing the small business in accounting. Initially, few companies adopted the use of the accounting software because the majority of employees lacked the knowledge of operating them. However, accounting had strictly relied upon physical books. When most firms realized that their records could not be safer in books, they started adopting to the use of the software to facilitate cloud-based storage of data. Sharing of information became very easy and the businesses saw the need to use these packages. Automation of records became an enjoyable and secure way of handling business transactions. Thus, the accountants could prepare various records easily, share and print as soon as possible. The Current Market Size Different accounting software or packages have different market share depending on their marketing potential and strategies. The strategies include market mixing, segmentation, positioning among others. However, other factors associated with cost and user-friendliness are taken into consideration. Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) has invested the range of 13 to 16 percent of its earnings in financing software research and development hoping that its cloud services and products will enhanced than Xeros who is the key competitor. The marketing and sales team of Mind Your Own Business has ensured that its market share grows by 10 percent in each year hence increasing consumerism of the package. Currently, it has approximately 528,000 customers who are paying for their software around the globe. The clients base in Australia only, is estimated to be 250,000 customers who are paying for the software and this number is expected to grow in the next year. Currently, Xero accounting software has a market share of 262,000 Australian users. However, the new managing director has assured that it will take part of the marketing share from their key competitor Mind Your Own Business (MYOB). Xeros strategy focuses globally while that of Mind Your Own Business has a focus on local excellence in accounting services but also operates internationally. Xero has more than 10,000 partners who have enhanced its outreach. The Saasu, Quicken and Intuit Quickbooks share the remaining market which is estimated to be 30 percent of the entire market share. The Key Market Leaders In Australia, the following are some of the popular accounting software: Mind Your Own Business (MYOB), Intuit QuickBooks, Xero, Saasu, and Quicken. However, due to distinguished potential and marketing techniques, Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) and Xero are the leading because they take up 70 percent of the market share while the remaining the 30 percent is taken up by the other companies. (AdvisoryHQ, 2016). Many factors have favored the Xero and Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) to succeed in attracting a big market share. Some of them are discussed below. Reliable Partners Partners play a significant role facilitating the operations of these companies and enlarging the outreach of their products. Since they have reliable partners such as banks and learning institutions, they are able to train the staff and students on how the software is used and its importance. In the process, the staff will see the usefulness of their product and have a desire to use. Students will also act as future agents of marketing in various ways. First, they may suggest using the product in places they will be employed or refer other businesses that are upcoming (Hohpe Woolf, 2014). Creative Market and Sales Team The companies have a dedicated sales and marketing department which function as a team. The team attracts many customers by giving them good offers. For instance, both companies give new users a trial version of the accounting software which takes more time than the one offered by the other small companies. Having a dedicated sales and marketing department is what drives them most. Challenges Facing the Accounting Software Users Compatibility of the Software Several users get disappointed since their financing software is not friendly with the programs they have on their computers. For instance, it can be difficult to import certain data or information into their programs they are most familiar with like Microsoft Word or other writing programs. Sometimes, a client may not import information from other software programs to the accounting software which is again a concern (Simkin, Rose, Norman, 2015). Sustenance The process of how to maintain the accounting packages not only entails doing an upgrade to the software but further sustaining and improving all the key requisites to use the package because new versions demand an improved equipment. The equipment can be a laptop or desktop computer, modem, internet connection, backup drive, printer, operating system, and monitor (Bourke, 2014). The Cost The price of the accounting software is not the exact cost of using it. An accounting package needs minimum measures or specifications for computer usage regarding Random Accessed Memory (RAM), hard drive memory and processor speed. The software may also need technical support which can raise its cost. However, the package may require yearly fees for licensing so that one is able to get upgrades. If one is also not skilled in software installation, will incur other expenses (Accounting web, 2015). Recommendations As far as accounting is concerned and has taken a big part in the current economy, it has to be improved and easy for everyone in the industry. In this way, every firm and accounting professional will easily adopt the accounting software (BusinessIT, 2016). However, when the software is developed, the following factors should be taken into consideration. First, the maintenance requirement; most users find problems when upgrading to newer versions. As everyone is not conversant to technical skills, the software companies should look for ways of improving the software and retain its minimum requirements for operation of the software program (Australian Computer Society. (2013). In many instances, upgrades require improvement of the computer which is much expensive than the software itself. Secondly, software compatibility; accounting software should be compatible with lowest specifications possible to ensure many professionals and firms are using it effectively because not all the individuals will afford computers with high specifications. Lastly, the cost of the software; as usual, the developers of the accounting software should ensure the value of their product is not higher than the cost of maintaining and operating (The Business Vict oria, 2016). References Accounting web. (2015). The biggest challenges facing accountants in 2015, the sectors leading suppliers speak. Retrieved from: https://www.accountingweb.co.uk/community/industry-update/the-biggest-challenges-facing-accountants-in-2015-the-sectors-leading AdvisoryHQ. (2016). 5 small business accounting software in australia. Retrieved from: https://www.advisoryhq.com/articles/5-best-small-business-accounting-software-in-australia/ Australian Computer Society. (2013).The Australian computer journal. Chippendale, N.S.W., Australian Trade Publications Bourke, J. (2014).Communication technology. Greenwood, WA, Ready-Ed Publications. BusinessIT. (2016). Make technology work for your business. Retrieved from: https://www.bit.com.au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses-compared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx/2 Business review. (2014). Thailand's Leading Bussiness Magazine, Volume 13, Issues 153-157 .Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=KKkHq45U24cC Curtis, V. (2013).Getting started in bookkeeping for dummies. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. https://rbdigital.oneclickdigital.com. Hohpe, G., Woolf, B. (2014).Enterprise integration patterns: designing, building, and deploying messaging solutions. Boston, Addison-Wesley. Marsden, S. J. (2014).Australian master bookkeepers guide [2009/10]. North Ryde, N.S.W., CCH Australia. The Business Victoria. (2016). How To Choose The Best Accounting Software. Retrived from: https://www.business.vic.gov.au/money-profit-and-accounting/financial-management-set-up/How-to-choose-small-business-accounting-software Simkin, M. G., Rose, J. M., Norman, C. S. (2015).Core concepts of accounting information systems. Smith, H. N. (2015).Xero for dummies. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=82578.

International Business Negotiations Culture and Dimensions

Question: Discuss about the International Business Negotiations for Culture and Dimensions. Answer: Introduction Every stage of an individual encompasses negotiations in some or the other form. Negotiations are a common aspect of every human being and are used as a common parlance (Salacuse, 2013, p. 3). People negotiate on the prices to be paid for a particular service, to the terms at which the oil can be obtained by the United States from the Gulf nations. Every such discussion carries negotiations at some stage, before a final decision is reached. The high end negotiations include the communications for the ratification or the terms of ratification of a treaty of the United Nations. Management Negotiation is such a unique tool that helps in achieving the goals, in a peaceful and successful manner (Salacuse, 2013, p. 3). Negotiation is not a process, which is solely reserved for the elite, i.e., the top salesperson, the skilled diplomats, the ardent advocates for the organized lobby. Negotiation is something, which is carried on daily basis by every person (Lewicki et al 2011). Even though negotiations are a common parlance, they have not been given the significance they demand. And this common parlance is not a cup of tea of everyone. Hence, people need to have the negotiating skills in order to be an effective negotiator and attain the desired goals for which this process is carried. Being common does not mean that every level of negotiation is the same. Depending upon the situation, the level and complexity of the negotiation process changes. For instance, economic negotiations are carried on for the rich and diverse people, where the objectives are related to business activities or the social production development at the topmost levels. The following part cover a discussion on this very changing aspect of negotiations. Before a discussion can be made over the details of negotiation process, it becomes crucial to understand what negotiation actually is. Negotiation is the communication of common goals, on a topic, which mutually interests two or more individuals. The communications that take place in negotiations show the views of each of the parties, along with showing their vested interest in the particular matter. A process in which two or more individuals indulge with each other, through a communication line, so that the objectives can be mutually achieved between them is denoted as negotiations (Chaturvedi, 2011, p. 200). When the negotiations are carried on, the communication of each side represents their interests, which supports their perspective. And by using the tools of compromise and concession, the parties agree between themselves to reach a decision. The entire process of negotiation is very crucial and has to be handled with effective control. In case the negotiation process does not provide the resolution for which it was established, the negotiation process continues and cannot be concluded (Dwyer, 2012, p. 83). From negotiating the basic salary, to negotiating a nuclear weapons deal, each and every aspect of life hinges upon Management effective communications. The negotiations are very crucial in nature as they help in resolving a matter in the most peaceful manner, without resolving to a violent resort. And as the matter is resolved mutually and in a manner free from violence, negotiations help in establishing long term relationships between the parties. And the presence of dispute is not necessary for opting for negotiations, a dilemma between two can also be decided upon by using the process of negotiations. For instance, two groups want to use the water from the river, but the river can only be accessed from a restricted point. So, by mutually negotiating upon the duration for which each group can use the restricted point, the dilemma of which party can access the river first, can be resolved. And it also helps in avoiding a dispute between the two parties (Fells, 2009, p. 4). Stages of Negotiations A negotiation process is not a simple process where people sit and discuss their issues. It is a process which involves the pre-negotiations phase, followed by the phases of conceptualization, settling details and follow up. In the first stage, before the negotiation process can officially start, a negotiator is supposed to prepare for the negotiations. So, initially the negotiator determines the reasons behind the negotiations and then the matter is specified for which the negotiations have to be undertaken. The maximum amount of information is collected at this stage and this information helps in gaining an insight over the possible claims which can be raised by the other party, along with clarifying the picture on their objectives, motivations and their needs. After the pre-negotiations stage is done, the next stage is that of conceptualization. In this stage, the very bases of the negotiations are formulated so as to frame the issues in a way whereby the minutest of the details a re taken into proper consideration. By the help of fact finding, the objectives and the goals of every phase of negotiations are defined in this stage (Negotiations, 2017). The third stage in the process of negotiation relates to the setting of details in a clear manner. Under this stage Management , the agreement is finalized and even the details of venture, in detail, are completed. The possible issues or problems which can crop up later on, on the basis of practicality are discussed in this stage and a viable and workable agreement is attained. This stage looks easy on paper but is the most significant stage and it is absolutely crucial that the details are settled in a meticulous and correct way. It has, at times, been noticed that due to the improper settling of details, the negotiations fail as the parties fail in undertaking the efforts to pay attention to the details, which could avoid such incidents from occurring. The final stage is that of follow up under which the possible problems are identified in a manner, so that they could be resolved and it can also include the re-negotiating of the contract (Negotiations, 2017). Linkage Theory and Negotiations Linkage theory is the way in which the outcome or the process of the negotiations is determined or influenced (Crump, 2007). Even one negotiation has the power of resulting in different outcomes. Further, a range of explanations can be put forward for the different outcomes, which is dependent upon the involved variables. The environment surrounding the negotiations has a crucial role to play in the entire process of negotiation. This is because the factors present in the environment, have the ability to support, suspend, halt or advance the negotiations. Through the use of linkage theory, the relationship which is present between the negotiations and the environment can be explained (Maggi, 2016). The process of initiating negotiations is quite difficult. But more difficult than this is to maintain negotiations and ultimately bring them to a successful end. Due to these reasons, the linking of negotiations process, with a thing which has momentum, becomes of great significance and can be stated as a technique having utility. The negotiation linkage process remains as a useful conceptual tool in the matter of gaining understanding towards the relationship between the pertinent environment and the precise negotiations. The EU-Chile and US-Chile negotiations were not initiated on their own, after the EU-Mercosure or the NAFTA negotiations took place, which again were not started on their own. All these had a specific role in the entire negotiations process and could not be left out (Devereaux, Lawrence and Watkins, 2006). A specific environment can be designed through the state of affairs, the result of which is the formation of an action, which translates into events like the at tainment or fixing of deadlines (Watkins, 1998). These very states of affairs also hold the capability of hindering the process of negotiations, with issue linkage (Tollison and Willett, 1979). Roger Fisher and William Ury brought forward a concept in their 1981 bestseller which was known as BATNA and which stood for Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement. It is a significant rule under the negotiation process. This is due to the fact that a prudent decision cannot be made till the time the parties know all the possible alternatives which can be adopted (Spangler, 2012). These alternative course of actions are revealed through BATNA and it shows such position which is the most beneficial for the parties, where the negotiations fail or the same cannot be attained. The success of a negotiator is attributed to the knowledge regarding the driving force of these processes. Through BATNA, such agreements can be avoided which are not suitable for an individual, where the substitutes are possible. However, this process has to be taken with care and only after considering the likelihood of the bargaining power of the other party and the value of time and effort (Brett, 2007). BATNA are not considered as a safety net, and instead they are treated as being a leverage which can be used for negotiations by the successful negotiators. It is crucial that the BATNAs are actionable and tangible; otherwise the parties would not invest in the BATNAs. The negotiators use a range of techniques to get the desired results. These can range from using a threatening or an aggressive technique which shows the adoption of a hard negotiation style, or the soft style can be adopted so that a conflict can be avoided (Barsky, 2017). The presenters of this technique gave three distinctive suggestions for making the BATNAs successful. As per Fisher and Ury (2012), there is a need for inventing a list which can be undertaken by people when the agreement is not gained. The second suggestions put forward that for converting the promising ideas, it is crucial that they are transformed into tangible or partial alternatives. The last suggestion relates to selecting the alternative which sounds the best. In these aspects, i.e., for negotiation process and for BATNA, culture also has a major role, which has now been highlighted. Types of Negotiations There are four kinds of negotiations and it is imperative to determine the appropriate form of Management negotiation, as each of them demands a different strategy. Descriptive Negotiation- this form of negotiation approach is called competitive or claiming value approach, which states that one person, can win only at the expense of the other person. However, this approach is also called win-lose approach as one party always wins and the other party loses. The major concern regarding this approach is that this approach usually maximizes a persons own interests. This form of approach include compelling and withholding information and manipulation, as one person seek to obtain advantage through concealing information or by using manipulative and misleading actions. The negotiator must influence the belief of the other person as much possible and obtain possible information about the person. Lose-lose Approach- this negotiation approach is adopted when one of the partners believe that his own interests are intimidated and ensures that the consequence of the negotiation is not suitable to the interest of the other party as well. Therefore, in this approach, in the end of the negotiation, both the parties end up as losers. Hence, it is the most undesirable negotiation approach. Compromise Approach- This form of approach results in the improvement over the outcome of the lose-lose strategy. This form requires both the parties to compromise and convince each other and figure out a common solution. Integrative Approach- this form of approach is also called creative value or collaborative approach and is considered superior to all other forms of negotiation approaches. This approach makes both the parties believe that they are achieving their respective objectives. The major concern of this approach is to maximize joint outcomes and the most appropriate strategies include sharing information, cooperation and mutual problem-solving attitude in the parties. Uniformity of Negotiations Lewicki et al (2011) made a statement, whereby he acknowledged the negotiation as a process which was present in the daily lives of every individual. However, this does not mean that there is uniformity in the manner in which the negotiations take place everywhere and it also fails to acknowledge the complex negotiation skills required in the international business context. Even though the techniques of negotiations are commonly used in international business, the level and intricacies of negotiations change on the basis of the country which is involved in a particular negotiation deal. A major factor, which contributes towards the international level negotiations, is the difference in the culture followed by the different nations (Chang, 2006). Culture can be defined as the set of beliefs and values. Culture is what acts as the foundation to the people of a nations perception, their manner of behaving in particular cases, their assumptions and their expectations (Javidan and House, (2001). Depending upon the specific scenario, these cultural differences are effectively perceived by successful negotiators, which helps in attained the desired results of for which the negotiations were started. The difference in the nature, the traditions and faith of the other party is carefully analyzed by the representatives of the international businesses, with a specific reference to the nation in which they deal, so that the partnership or the undertaken transaction can be concluded in an efficient and hassle free manner (Peleckis, 2013). Through analyzing the cultural differences and the dimensions of a particular culture, the critical incompatibilities present between the parties can be conveyed in an easier manner. Even the cultural dimension analysis of Hofstede is helpful in this regard as it enables the designing of the negotiation process at an international level, and also highlights the variance in the different dimensions, depending upon the culture of the parties undergoing negotiation (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov, 2010). Globally, apart from the cultural differences, the businesses are faced with issues like uncertainties, a long-term attitude towards communications, the power placement, along with the emotional differences amid the parties (Peleckis, 2013). The differences in the cultural dimensions also have the power of manipulating and persuading the representatives of different cultures in a negotiation process. Signs, symbols and the manner in which people address each other act as the intricacies in a negotiation process. So, it remains significant that the international level business negotiations are initiated only when the necessary information has been obtained, and the negotiator has properly apprised him of the cultural details. And where this is not possible, it is suggested to hire such an individual who is an expert of the particular nations culture and who can act as the mediator in the particular negotiation process (Peleckis, 2013). This can be further explained with the help of an example. There is a vast cultural difference in the one followed by US and the one present in Japan. The Japanese people are very formal, whereas the level of formality in US is very informal. In the same manner, in the former, the hierarchy is given emphasis, whereas in the latter, the equality is given major emphasis. Even the manners in which people are greeted in these two cultures are very different (Adachi, 2010). The people of US firmly shake the hands, whereas the Japanese are famous for their Japanese Bowing Etiquettes (Japan Today, 2014). Hence, when the negotiations are undertaken between these two nations, these points are to be kept in mind. A case study was undertaken between the local subsidiaries located in Korea and Japan, and its holding, Dutch company and this study highlighted that the negotiations between the head office and the subsidiaries was very complex. In this particular instance, the cultural barriers were in addition to the substantial lack of cultural awareness. The influencers amid the parties, in addition to the atmosphere and the relationship which these parties had, highlighted the difficulties of the negotiation process. The atmospheres role in the negotiations of this case, confirms the points made under the linkage theory (Fjellstrm, 2005). The culture was considered as a crucial part in this case study, with a particular reference to the cultural negotiations, which took place between the subsidiary and its head office. Due to the presence of the cultural gaps in the holding and its subsidiary, a need for negotiations was highlighted. Through these negotiations, the people could understand each other and the desired or acceptable manner of communicating amongst them. The organization also played a role in influencing the negotiations. The organizational culture was considered as a substantial part for both the subsidiaries and the holding company and the atmosphere in the organization was considered as a key driving factor. However, a barrier, which was present, in this case was the clash of national and organizational culture, where the national culture always won (Fjellstrm, 2005). The success of relationships in the international business depends upon proper negotiations. This emphasizes the need of effective negotiator. Once an understanding is gained in this matter, the set goals can be achieved and for doing this, the negotiator considers all the factors which are relevant to the negotiations process. A study was conducted in Thailand, to understand the negotiation process adopted in this nation as is commonly perceived by the business negotiators of international business and that of Thailand, and a specific reference was made to the cross-cultural international business negations. In order to attain the desired information, a questionnaire was used, the focus of which was upon the retrospective negotiations and its associated experience. This questionnaire was circulated to all the executives who were working in Thailand at that time (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). The importance of the cross cultural negotiators in both the performance of targets and in future oriented prospects was highlighted through the results of this questionnaire. Through this very study, it was highlighted that the tactics, as well as, the protocols played a minute part in the successful cases of negotiations. Moreover, the significance of information focus, along with the relationship orientation was highlighted as being the major contributors towards the success of Thai and international negotiators. This study also elucidated upon the significance of time orientation, which was found to be higher in international cases, when compared to the Thai equivalents (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). Another example of the role of culture in this context can be established in the reference of Chinese people. In order to attain successful negotiations in China, it has to be done in a way that is considered as acceptable by the nation and its people. Therefore, a negotiator needs to be aware about the culture and the cultural dynamics of the nation, along with the behavior of Chinese, which is a key factor in any negotiation process. European negotiators are often told to have the qualities of friendship, ambiguity, patience and trust when dealing with Chinese people. This is done to avoid any unnecessary tension or misunderstanding from occurring. By proper understanding the differences, successful business relations can be established (Woo and Prud'homme, 1999). A negotiation with the Chinese people is not a cup of tea of everyone. Even though the European counterparts are told to demonstrate harmony and politeness, these seldom prove helpful. This is because of the lack of politeness, which is adopted by the Chinese, along with the demonstration of fierce adversarial bargaining, which leave the European negotiators helpless in such cases (Blackman, 1997). Some scholars have also highlighted the shrewdness of the Chinese negotiators, along with their mastering of the art of using perfect timings and the psychology to their advantage (Gordon, 1986). McCall and Warrington (1989) have highlighted the need of understanding the role which communication skills play in the cultural knowledge. The negotiations have to be done on the basis of the particular circumstances, depending upon the nature of the parties, the degree of formality and even the subject matter on which the negotiations take place. These need specific skill sets, which are crucial and should be present in the arsenal of a successful negotiator. This is highlighted from the practices adopted by Chinese, who keep their customs and philosophies at the top, even in their business dealings, hence requiring customized negotiations skills (Wong-Scollon, and Scollon, 1990). Conclusion The above discussion highlights that the statement which was made by Lewicki, is partially true. Therefore, even though negotiations are present in the daily lives of the people, the same differ with the level and the nature of the particular situation. Skills are crucial for any negotiation deal, especially based on complexity of a matter. The linkage theory brings forward both the opportunities, as well as, the challenges, which are present in the entire process of negotiations, through apt identification of the environmental factor having an impact over the negotiations. 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