Accounting Software Packages In Australia

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Software for Packages In Australia. Answer: Introduction: Accounting software or packages refer to the types of application software which commemorate a process of accounting dealings in operational modules that include payroll, accounts payable, trial balance, and accounts receivable. It operates like a reporting information scheme (Business review, 2014). The accounting software has been considered to make work easy in accounting firms that operate on a daily basis. With the accounting software or packages, a firm is likely to serve many customers at a given time and, hence saving time. Among the kind of enterprises that use accounting software or packages include banks, insurance companies, and credit companies. Other organizations include hospitals and learning institutions (Curtis, 2013). History, Development and Adoption of Accounting Software/Packages As years go by, the more financial reporting relies on computers for almost every accounting task in our daily operation. Computers are the ones running our industries in the most efficient way and have enhanced worldwide communication in accounting. The primary time computers were used for accounting purposes is 1955. Examples of accounting software or packages that have been used in Australia include Mind Your Own Business (MYOB), Intuit QuickBooks, Xero, Saasu, and Quicken. The first companies to use these packages were the ones that developed them as mentioned above (Marsden, 2014). Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) was developed and first used for accounting services in the 1980s. The idea of the software was initiated by Christopher Lee and his team of programmers at Teleware Inc. who worked as a team and came up with the software. Intuit QuickBooks on the other hand, was developed in 1983 and that is the time it was tested. The first release could not operate well as double-entry accounting software. Its version was DOS that used quicken code bases. It was effective for private enterprises that did not have formal financial reporting. However, the second and subsequent editions were modified and it became most effective for all the accounting needs. Other packages like Saasu, Reckon, and Xero also came up. Saasu was developed in the year 2000 by Grant Young and Marc Lehman on the grounds of automating enterprises. Its abilities include inventory services, the point of sale, payroll, workflow and document control, CRM, and purchasing (Smith, 2015). Quicken was developed in 1987 by Reckon software company to offer digital and cloud-based solutions for accounting. Xero software was developed in 2006 and aimed at enhancing the small business in accounting. Initially, few companies adopted the use of the accounting software because the majority of employees lacked the knowledge of operating them. However, accounting had strictly relied upon physical books. When most firms realized that their records could not be safer in books, they started adopting to the use of the software to facilitate cloud-based storage of data. Sharing of information became very easy and the businesses saw the need to use these packages. Automation of records became an enjoyable and secure way of handling business transactions. Thus, the accountants could prepare various records easily, share and print as soon as possible. The Current Market Size Different accounting software or packages have different market share depending on their marketing potential and strategies. The strategies include market mixing, segmentation, positioning among others. However, other factors associated with cost and user-friendliness are taken into consideration. Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) has invested the range of 13 to 16 percent of its earnings in financing software research and development hoping that its cloud services and products will enhanced than Xeros who is the key competitor. The marketing and sales team of Mind Your Own Business has ensured that its market share grows by 10 percent in each year hence increasing consumerism of the package. Currently, it has approximately 528,000 customers who are paying for their software around the globe. The clients base in Australia only, is estimated to be 250,000 customers who are paying for the software and this number is expected to grow in the next year. Currently, Xero accounting software has a market share of 262,000 Australian users. However, the new managing director has assured that it will take part of the marketing share from their key competitor Mind Your Own Business (MYOB). Xeros strategy focuses globally while that of Mind Your Own Business has a focus on local excellence in accounting services but also operates internationally. Xero has more than 10,000 partners who have enhanced its outreach. The Saasu, Quicken and Intuit Quickbooks share the remaining market which is estimated to be 30 percent of the entire market share. The Key Market Leaders In Australia, the following are some of the popular accounting software: Mind Your Own Business (MYOB), Intuit QuickBooks, Xero, Saasu, and Quicken. However, due to distinguished potential and marketing techniques, Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) and Xero are the leading because they take up 70 percent of the market share while the remaining the 30 percent is taken up by the other companies. (AdvisoryHQ, 2016). Many factors have favored the Xero and Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) to succeed in attracting a big market share. Some of them are discussed below. Reliable Partners Partners play a significant role facilitating the operations of these companies and enlarging the outreach of their products. Since they have reliable partners such as banks and learning institutions, they are able to train the staff and students on how the software is used and its importance. In the process, the staff will see the usefulness of their product and have a desire to use. Students will also act as future agents of marketing in various ways. First, they may suggest using the product in places they will be employed or refer other businesses that are upcoming (Hohpe Woolf, 2014). Creative Market and Sales Team The companies have a dedicated sales and marketing department which function as a team. The team attracts many customers by giving them good offers. For instance, both companies give new users a trial version of the accounting software which takes more time than the one offered by the other small companies. Having a dedicated sales and marketing department is what drives them most. Challenges Facing the Accounting Software Users Compatibility of the Software Several users get disappointed since their financing software is not friendly with the programs they have on their computers. For instance, it can be difficult to import certain data or information into their programs they are most familiar with like Microsoft Word or other writing programs. Sometimes, a client may not import information from other software programs to the accounting software which is again a concern (Simkin, Rose, Norman, 2015). Sustenance The process of how to maintain the accounting packages not only entails doing an upgrade to the software but further sustaining and improving all the key requisites to use the package because new versions demand an improved equipment. The equipment can be a laptop or desktop computer, modem, internet connection, backup drive, printer, operating system, and monitor (Bourke, 2014). The Cost The price of the accounting software is not the exact cost of using it. An accounting package needs minimum measures or specifications for computer usage regarding Random Accessed Memory (RAM), hard drive memory and processor speed. The software may also need technical support which can raise its cost. However, the package may require yearly fees for licensing so that one is able to get upgrades. If one is also not skilled in software installation, will incur other expenses (Accounting web, 2015). Recommendations As far as accounting is concerned and has taken a big part in the current economy, it has to be improved and easy for everyone in the industry. In this way, every firm and accounting professional will easily adopt the accounting software (BusinessIT, 2016). However, when the software is developed, the following factors should be taken into consideration. First, the maintenance requirement; most users find problems when upgrading to newer versions. As everyone is not conversant to technical skills, the software companies should look for ways of improving the software and retain its minimum requirements for operation of the software program (Australian Computer Society. (2013). In many instances, upgrades require improvement of the computer which is much expensive than the software itself. Secondly, software compatibility; accounting software should be compatible with lowest specifications possible to ensure many professionals and firms are using it effectively because not all the individuals will afford computers with high specifications. Lastly, the cost of the software; as usual, the developers of the accounting software should ensure the value of their product is not higher than the cost of maintaining and operating (The Business Vict oria, 2016). References Accounting web. (2015). The biggest challenges facing accountants in 2015, the sectors leading suppliers speak. Retrieved from: https://www.accountingweb.co.uk/community/industry-update/the-biggest-challenges-facing-accountants-in-2015-the-sectors-leading AdvisoryHQ. (2016). 5 small business accounting software in australia. Retrieved from: https://www.advisoryhq.com/articles/5-best-small-business-accounting-software-in-australia/ Australian Computer Society. (2013).The Australian computer journal. Chippendale, N.S.W., Australian Trade Publications Bourke, J. (2014).Communication technology. Greenwood, WA, Ready-Ed Publications. BusinessIT. (2016). Make technology work for your business. Retrieved from: https://www.bit.com.au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses-compared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx/2 Business review. (2014). Thailand's Leading Bussiness Magazine, Volume 13, Issues 153-157 .Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=KKkHq45U24cC Curtis, V. (2013).Getting started in bookkeeping for dummies. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. https://rbdigital.oneclickdigital.com. Hohpe, G., Woolf, B. (2014).Enterprise integration patterns: designing, building, and deploying messaging solutions. Boston, Addison-Wesley. Marsden, S. J. (2014).Australian master bookkeepers guide [2009/10]. North Ryde, N.S.W., CCH Australia. The Business Victoria. (2016). How To Choose The Best Accounting Software. Retrived from: https://www.business.vic.gov.au/money-profit-and-accounting/financial-management-set-up/How-to-choose-small-business-accounting-software Simkin, M. G., Rose, J. M., Norman, C. S. (2015).Core concepts of accounting information systems. Smith, H. N. (2015).Xero for dummies. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=82578.

International Business Negotiations Culture and Dimensions

Question: Discuss about the International Business Negotiations for Culture and Dimensions. Answer: Introduction Every stage of an individual encompasses negotiations in some or the other form. Negotiations are a common aspect of every human being and are used as a common parlance (Salacuse, 2013, p. 3). People negotiate on the prices to be paid for a particular service, to the terms at which the oil can be obtained by the United States from the Gulf nations. Every such discussion carries negotiations at some stage, before a final decision is reached. The high end negotiations include the communications for the ratification or the terms of ratification of a treaty of the United Nations. Management Negotiation is such a unique tool that helps in achieving the goals, in a peaceful and successful manner (Salacuse, 2013, p. 3). Negotiation is not a process, which is solely reserved for the elite, i.e., the top salesperson, the skilled diplomats, the ardent advocates for the organized lobby. Negotiation is something, which is carried on daily basis by every person (Lewicki et al 2011). Even though negotiations are a common parlance, they have not been given the significance they demand. And this common parlance is not a cup of tea of everyone. Hence, people need to have the negotiating skills in order to be an effective negotiator and attain the desired goals for which this process is carried. Being common does not mean that every level of negotiation is the same. Depending upon the situation, the level and complexity of the negotiation process changes. For instance, economic negotiations are carried on for the rich and diverse people, where the objectives are related to business activities or the social production development at the topmost levels. The following part cover a discussion on this very changing aspect of negotiations. Before a discussion can be made over the details of negotiation process, it becomes crucial to understand what negotiation actually is. Negotiation is the communication of common goals, on a topic, which mutually interests two or more individuals. The communications that take place in negotiations show the views of each of the parties, along with showing their vested interest in the particular matter. A process in which two or more individuals indulge with each other, through a communication line, so that the objectives can be mutually achieved between them is denoted as negotiations (Chaturvedi, 2011, p. 200). When the negotiations are carried on, the communication of each side represents their interests, which supports their perspective. And by using the tools of compromise and concession, the parties agree between themselves to reach a decision. The entire process of negotiation is very crucial and has to be handled with effective control. In case the negotiation process does not provide the resolution for which it was established, the negotiation process continues and cannot be concluded (Dwyer, 2012, p. 83). From negotiating the basic salary, to negotiating a nuclear weapons deal, each and every aspect of life hinges upon Management effective communications. The negotiations are very crucial in nature as they help in resolving a matter in the most peaceful manner, without resolving to a violent resort. And as the matter is resolved mutually and in a manner free from violence, negotiations help in establishing long term relationships between the parties. And the presence of dispute is not necessary for opting for negotiations, a dilemma between two can also be decided upon by using the process of negotiations. For instance, two groups want to use the water from the river, but the river can only be accessed from a restricted point. So, by mutually negotiating upon the duration for which each group can use the restricted point, the dilemma of which party can access the river first, can be resolved. And it also helps in avoiding a dispute between the two parties (Fells, 2009, p. 4). Stages of Negotiations A negotiation process is not a simple process where people sit and discuss their issues. It is a process which involves the pre-negotiations phase, followed by the phases of conceptualization, settling details and follow up. In the first stage, before the negotiation process can officially start, a negotiator is supposed to prepare for the negotiations. So, initially the negotiator determines the reasons behind the negotiations and then the matter is specified for which the negotiations have to be undertaken. The maximum amount of information is collected at this stage and this information helps in gaining an insight over the possible claims which can be raised by the other party, along with clarifying the picture on their objectives, motivations and their needs. After the pre-negotiations stage is done, the next stage is that of conceptualization. In this stage, the very bases of the negotiations are formulated so as to frame the issues in a way whereby the minutest of the details a re taken into proper consideration. By the help of fact finding, the objectives and the goals of every phase of negotiations are defined in this stage (Negotiations, 2017). The third stage in the process of negotiation relates to the setting of details in a clear manner. Under this stage Management , the agreement is finalized and even the details of venture, in detail, are completed. The possible issues or problems which can crop up later on, on the basis of practicality are discussed in this stage and a viable and workable agreement is attained. This stage looks easy on paper but is the most significant stage and it is absolutely crucial that the details are settled in a meticulous and correct way. It has, at times, been noticed that due to the improper settling of details, the negotiations fail as the parties fail in undertaking the efforts to pay attention to the details, which could avoid such incidents from occurring. The final stage is that of follow up under which the possible problems are identified in a manner, so that they could be resolved and it can also include the re-negotiating of the contract (Negotiations, 2017). Linkage Theory and Negotiations Linkage theory is the way in which the outcome or the process of the negotiations is determined or influenced (Crump, 2007). Even one negotiation has the power of resulting in different outcomes. Further, a range of explanations can be put forward for the different outcomes, which is dependent upon the involved variables. The environment surrounding the negotiations has a crucial role to play in the entire process of negotiation. This is because the factors present in the environment, have the ability to support, suspend, halt or advance the negotiations. Through the use of linkage theory, the relationship which is present between the negotiations and the environment can be explained (Maggi, 2016). The process of initiating negotiations is quite difficult. But more difficult than this is to maintain negotiations and ultimately bring them to a successful end. Due to these reasons, the linking of negotiations process, with a thing which has momentum, becomes of great significance and can be stated as a technique having utility. The negotiation linkage process remains as a useful conceptual tool in the matter of gaining understanding towards the relationship between the pertinent environment and the precise negotiations. The EU-Chile and US-Chile negotiations were not initiated on their own, after the EU-Mercosure or the NAFTA negotiations took place, which again were not started on their own. All these had a specific role in the entire negotiations process and could not be left out (Devereaux, Lawrence and Watkins, 2006). A specific environment can be designed through the state of affairs, the result of which is the formation of an action, which translates into events like the at tainment or fixing of deadlines (Watkins, 1998). These very states of affairs also hold the capability of hindering the process of negotiations, with issue linkage (Tollison and Willett, 1979). Roger Fisher and William Ury brought forward a concept in their 1981 bestseller which was known as BATNA and which stood for Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement. It is a significant rule under the negotiation process. This is due to the fact that a prudent decision cannot be made till the time the parties know all the possible alternatives which can be adopted (Spangler, 2012). These alternative course of actions are revealed through BATNA and it shows such position which is the most beneficial for the parties, where the negotiations fail or the same cannot be attained. The success of a negotiator is attributed to the knowledge regarding the driving force of these processes. Through BATNA, such agreements can be avoided which are not suitable for an individual, where the substitutes are possible. However, this process has to be taken with care and only after considering the likelihood of the bargaining power of the other party and the value of time and effort (Brett, 2007). BATNA are not considered as a safety net, and instead they are treated as being a leverage which can be used for negotiations by the successful negotiators. It is crucial that the BATNAs are actionable and tangible; otherwise the parties would not invest in the BATNAs. The negotiators use a range of techniques to get the desired results. These can range from using a threatening or an aggressive technique which shows the adoption of a hard negotiation style, or the soft style can be adopted so that a conflict can be avoided (Barsky, 2017). The presenters of this technique gave three distinctive suggestions for making the BATNAs successful. As per Fisher and Ury (2012), there is a need for inventing a list which can be undertaken by people when the agreement is not gained. The second suggestions put forward that for converting the promising ideas, it is crucial that they are transformed into tangible or partial alternatives. The last suggestion relates to selecting the alternative which sounds the best. In these aspects, i.e., for negotiation process and for BATNA, culture also has a major role, which has now been highlighted. Types of Negotiations There are four kinds of negotiations and it is imperative to determine the appropriate form of Management negotiation, as each of them demands a different strategy. Descriptive Negotiation- this form of negotiation approach is called competitive or claiming value approach, which states that one person, can win only at the expense of the other person. However, this approach is also called win-lose approach as one party always wins and the other party loses. The major concern regarding this approach is that this approach usually maximizes a persons own interests. This form of approach include compelling and withholding information and manipulation, as one person seek to obtain advantage through concealing information or by using manipulative and misleading actions. The negotiator must influence the belief of the other person as much possible and obtain possible information about the person. Lose-lose Approach- this negotiation approach is adopted when one of the partners believe that his own interests are intimidated and ensures that the consequence of the negotiation is not suitable to the interest of the other party as well. Therefore, in this approach, in the end of the negotiation, both the parties end up as losers. Hence, it is the most undesirable negotiation approach. Compromise Approach- This form of approach results in the improvement over the outcome of the lose-lose strategy. This form requires both the parties to compromise and convince each other and figure out a common solution. Integrative Approach- this form of approach is also called creative value or collaborative approach and is considered superior to all other forms of negotiation approaches. This approach makes both the parties believe that they are achieving their respective objectives. The major concern of this approach is to maximize joint outcomes and the most appropriate strategies include sharing information, cooperation and mutual problem-solving attitude in the parties. Uniformity of Negotiations Lewicki et al (2011) made a statement, whereby he acknowledged the negotiation as a process which was present in the daily lives of every individual. However, this does not mean that there is uniformity in the manner in which the negotiations take place everywhere and it also fails to acknowledge the complex negotiation skills required in the international business context. Even though the techniques of negotiations are commonly used in international business, the level and intricacies of negotiations change on the basis of the country which is involved in a particular negotiation deal. A major factor, which contributes towards the international level negotiations, is the difference in the culture followed by the different nations (Chang, 2006). Culture can be defined as the set of beliefs and values. Culture is what acts as the foundation to the people of a nations perception, their manner of behaving in particular cases, their assumptions and their expectations (Javidan and House, (2001). Depending upon the specific scenario, these cultural differences are effectively perceived by successful negotiators, which helps in attained the desired results of for which the negotiations were started. The difference in the nature, the traditions and faith of the other party is carefully analyzed by the representatives of the international businesses, with a specific reference to the nation in which they deal, so that the partnership or the undertaken transaction can be concluded in an efficient and hassle free manner (Peleckis, 2013). Through analyzing the cultural differences and the dimensions of a particular culture, the critical incompatibilities present between the parties can be conveyed in an easier manner. Even the cultural dimension analysis of Hofstede is helpful in this regard as it enables the designing of the negotiation process at an international level, and also highlights the variance in the different dimensions, depending upon the culture of the parties undergoing negotiation (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov, 2010). Globally, apart from the cultural differences, the businesses are faced with issues like uncertainties, a long-term attitude towards communications, the power placement, along with the emotional differences amid the parties (Peleckis, 2013). The differences in the cultural dimensions also have the power of manipulating and persuading the representatives of different cultures in a negotiation process. Signs, symbols and the manner in which people address each other act as the intricacies in a negotiation process. So, it remains significant that the international level business negotiations are initiated only when the necessary information has been obtained, and the negotiator has properly apprised him of the cultural details. And where this is not possible, it is suggested to hire such an individual who is an expert of the particular nations culture and who can act as the mediator in the particular negotiation process (Peleckis, 2013). This can be further explained with the help of an example. There is a vast cultural difference in the one followed by US and the one present in Japan. The Japanese people are very formal, whereas the level of formality in US is very informal. In the same manner, in the former, the hierarchy is given emphasis, whereas in the latter, the equality is given major emphasis. Even the manners in which people are greeted in these two cultures are very different (Adachi, 2010). The people of US firmly shake the hands, whereas the Japanese are famous for their Japanese Bowing Etiquettes (Japan Today, 2014). Hence, when the negotiations are undertaken between these two nations, these points are to be kept in mind. A case study was undertaken between the local subsidiaries located in Korea and Japan, and its holding, Dutch company and this study highlighted that the negotiations between the head office and the subsidiaries was very complex. In this particular instance, the cultural barriers were in addition to the substantial lack of cultural awareness. The influencers amid the parties, in addition to the atmosphere and the relationship which these parties had, highlighted the difficulties of the negotiation process. The atmospheres role in the negotiations of this case, confirms the points made under the linkage theory (Fjellstrm, 2005). The culture was considered as a crucial part in this case study, with a particular reference to the cultural negotiations, which took place between the subsidiary and its head office. Due to the presence of the cultural gaps in the holding and its subsidiary, a need for negotiations was highlighted. Through these negotiations, the people could understand each other and the desired or acceptable manner of communicating amongst them. The organization also played a role in influencing the negotiations. The organizational culture was considered as a substantial part for both the subsidiaries and the holding company and the atmosphere in the organization was considered as a key driving factor. However, a barrier, which was present, in this case was the clash of national and organizational culture, where the national culture always won (Fjellstrm, 2005). The success of relationships in the international business depends upon proper negotiations. This emphasizes the need of effective negotiator. Once an understanding is gained in this matter, the set goals can be achieved and for doing this, the negotiator considers all the factors which are relevant to the negotiations process. A study was conducted in Thailand, to understand the negotiation process adopted in this nation as is commonly perceived by the business negotiators of international business and that of Thailand, and a specific reference was made to the cross-cultural international business negations. In order to attain the desired information, a questionnaire was used, the focus of which was upon the retrospective negotiations and its associated experience. This questionnaire was circulated to all the executives who were working in Thailand at that time (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). The importance of the cross cultural negotiators in both the performance of targets and in future oriented prospects was highlighted through the results of this questionnaire. Through this very study, it was highlighted that the tactics, as well as, the protocols played a minute part in the successful cases of negotiations. Moreover, the significance of information focus, along with the relationship orientation was highlighted as being the major contributors towards the success of Thai and international negotiators. This study also elucidated upon the significance of time orientation, which was found to be higher in international cases, when compared to the Thai equivalents (Numprasertchai and Swierczek, 2006). Another example of the role of culture in this context can be established in the reference of Chinese people. In order to attain successful negotiations in China, it has to be done in a way that is considered as acceptable by the nation and its people. Therefore, a negotiator needs to be aware about the culture and the cultural dynamics of the nation, along with the behavior of Chinese, which is a key factor in any negotiation process. European negotiators are often told to have the qualities of friendship, ambiguity, patience and trust when dealing with Chinese people. This is done to avoid any unnecessary tension or misunderstanding from occurring. By proper understanding the differences, successful business relations can be established (Woo and Prud'homme, 1999). A negotiation with the Chinese people is not a cup of tea of everyone. Even though the European counterparts are told to demonstrate harmony and politeness, these seldom prove helpful. This is because of the lack of politeness, which is adopted by the Chinese, along with the demonstration of fierce adversarial bargaining, which leave the European negotiators helpless in such cases (Blackman, 1997). Some scholars have also highlighted the shrewdness of the Chinese negotiators, along with their mastering of the art of using perfect timings and the psychology to their advantage (Gordon, 1986). McCall and Warrington (1989) have highlighted the need of understanding the role which communication skills play in the cultural knowledge. The negotiations have to be done on the basis of the particular circumstances, depending upon the nature of the parties, the degree of formality and even the subject matter on which the negotiations take place. These need specific skill sets, which are crucial and should be present in the arsenal of a successful negotiator. This is highlighted from the practices adopted by Chinese, who keep their customs and philosophies at the top, even in their business dealings, hence requiring customized negotiations skills (Wong-Scollon, and Scollon, 1990). Conclusion The above discussion highlights that the statement which was made by Lewicki, is partially true. Therefore, even though negotiations are present in the daily lives of the people, the same differ with the level and the nature of the particular situation. Skills are crucial for any negotiation deal, especially based on complexity of a matter. The linkage theory brings forward both the opportunities, as well as, the challenges, which are present in the entire process of negotiations, through apt identification of the environmental factor having an impact over the negotiations. To conclude, negotiations are a special skill set, which has to be modified based on the needs of a particular case. Hence, the negotiations skills are differentiated based on difference in scenarios. References Adachi, Y. (2010) Business Negotiations between the Americans and the Japanese. Global Business Language, 4(2), p 19. Barsky, A.E. (2017) Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professions: Negotiation, Mediation, Advocacy, Facilitation, and Restorative Justice. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Benoliel, M. (2014) Negotiation Excellence: Successful Deal Making. 2nd ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. Blackman, C. (1997) Negotiating China: Case Studies and Strategies. St Leonards: Allen Unwin Pty Ltd. Brett, J.M. (2007) Negotiating Globally: How to Negotiate Deals, Resolve Disputes, and Make Decisions Across Cultural Boundaries. 2nd ed. San Francisco: John Wiley Sons. Chang, L.C. (2006) Differences in Business Negotiations between Different Cultures. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 2(2), pp. 135-140. Chaturvedi, P.D. (2011) Business Communication: Concepts, Cases, and Applications. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Pearson. Crump, L. (2007) A temporal model of negotiation linkage dynamics. Negotiation Journal, 23 (2), pp. 117-153. Devereaux, C., Lawrence R.Z., and Watkins M.D. (2006) Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Making the Rules. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics. Dwyer, J. (2012) Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills. 5th ed. NSW: Pearson Australia. Emory University. (2016) International business etiquette. Emory University. [Online] Available from: https://global.emory.edu/support/news/general/etiquette.html [Accessed on: 17/05/17] Fells, R. (2009) Effective Negotiation: From Research to Results. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Fisher, D., and Ury, W. (2012) Getting to Yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in. New York: Random House. Fjellstrm, D. (2005) International Business Negotiations: Factors that influence the negotiation in head office subsidiary relationship in Japan and Korea: A case study of Philips. Diva. [Online] Available from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:15960/fulltext01 [Accessed on: 17/05/17] Gordon, T.D. (1986) China. Hong Kong: Euromoney Publications. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. Japan Today. (2014) Shake hands or bow? How do you usually greet Japanese business acquaintances?. Japan Today. [Online] Available from: https://japantoday.com/category/have-your-say/shake-hands-or-bow-how-do-you-usually-greet-japanese-business-acquaintances [Accessed on: 17/05/17] Javidan, M., and House, R. J. (2001) Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from Project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), pp. 289305. Lewicki, R., Saunders, D. and Barry, B. (2011) Essentials of Negotiation. 5th ed. London: McGraw Hill. Maggi, G. (2016) Issue Linkage. Yale University. [Online] Available from: https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Faculty/Maggi/IssueLinkageDraft_041216.pdf [Accessed on: 17/05/17] McCall, J. and Warrington, M. (1989) Marketing by Agreement: A Cross-cultural Approach to Business Negotiations. 2nd ed. Chichester: Avon Wiley. Negotiations. (2017) The Four Phases of The Negotiation Process. Negotiations. [Online] Available from: https://www.negotiations.com/articles/negotiating-phases/ [Accessed on: 01/06/17] Numprasertchai, H.P., and Swierczek, F.W. (2006) Dimensions of Success in International Business Negotiations: A Comparative Study of Thai and International Business Negotiators. Journal of Intercultural Communication. 11. Available from: https://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr11/numprasertchai.htm Peleckis, K. (2013) International Business Negotiations: Culture, Dimensions, Context. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(7), pp. 91- 99. Salacuse, J. (2013) Negotiating Life: Secrets for Everyday Diplomacy and Deal Making. New York: Plagrave Macmillan. Spangler, B. (2012) Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA). Beyond Intractability. [Online] Available from: https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/batna [Accessed on: 01/06/17] Tollison, R.D., and Willett, T.D. (1979) An economic theory of mutually advantageous issue linkages in international negotiations. International Organization, 33 (4), pp. 425-449. Watkins, M. (1998) Building momentum in negotiations: Time-related costs and action forcing events. Negotiation Journal, 14 (3), pp. 241-256. Wong-Scollon, S. and Scollon, R. (1990) Athabaskan-English interactive communication, in Carbaugh, D. (Ed.) Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. Woo, H.S., and Prud'homme, C. (1999) Cultural characteristic prevalent in the Chinese negotiation process. European Business Review, 99(5), pp. 313-322.

Sociological Concepts in Shopping Malls

There can be nothing more trivial than a visit to a shopping mall. However, this everyday routine can be seen differently by different people. For some, it can be a torture and for some it can be a way to overcome depression. For a sociologist, this can be a kind of Eldorado where almost all sociological concepts and theories can be observed. The sociologist should not even have that much of sociological imagination as all trends are obvious. Of course, the observer should exploit a beginner’s mind to trace peculiarities of people’s behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Concepts in Shopping Malls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to start an observation in a shopping mall, one should forget about everything and disregard the â€Å"treasures† displayed there. It is necessary to sit and observe. At this point, it is necessary to note that observation is one of the mos t appropriate research methods to employ at a shopping mall as a researcher can observe people’s behavior in a natural setting. Thus, people do not even know they are being observed and they do not try to change their typical behavioral patterns. One of the most observable sociological concepts in the shopping mall is Herbert Spencer’s idea of evolution. This idea is based on the well-known Darwin’s theory. The abundance of sales in a shopping mall makes it similar to a jungle where the fittest survives, or gets what he/she wants. The fittest in a shopping mall is the one who knows where the sales are, is aware of the opening hours, knows what exactly he/she wants to buy and how to access the item at the unprecedented pace. These â€Å"kings and queens of the jungles† obtain the best items at best prices. The rest of the shoppers who are not that fit have to content themselves with less valuable items. Of course, people’s inability to make use of s ales will not lead to the extinction of the species. However, the ability to shop during sales makes people a bit different, and, perhaps, even superior in certain strata of the human society or community. It is possible to see the kings and the less fit in the shops’ doors. First, the kings are more confident when they come into the shop and they are delighted when they leave it. Less fit shoppers are not very confident or even at a loss when they enter the shop and they are often unsatisfied with their purchases. Thus, Spencer’s idea is revealed at the shops’ doors. Another sociological concept which can be traced in a shopping mall is a conflict theory. According to Karl Marx, human society is nothing more than a constant conflict between capitalists and proletariat. The thinker also stressed that people had struggled for resources for centuries.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx believed that workers would someday become the rulers of the world. Again, sales reveal this kind of conflict as well. Thus, people who cannot afford something try to â€Å"win† the product they need during sales. Again, people oppose each other and there are often quarrels in such shops. I was lucky to witness a quarrel of two girls who came together smiling and chatting, but went out of the shop frowning. This situation verifies that there is a constant conflict. Marx was too concerned with classes, which distracted his attention from the very nature of people. Shopping malls show that the conflict is not confined to classes, but conflict is people’s constant struggle for resources. Of course, it is impossible to state that Marx was totally wrong as the conflict between certain classes is also represented at shopping malls. The situation in shopping malls confirms that critical theory is a bit more comprehensive than that of Marx. Accordi ng to the critical theory, mass culture perpetuates capitalist domination. The abundance of luxury boutiques is an illustration of this domination. Shopping malls are full of ads promoting luxury products. People can see those products in high-profile boutiques. However, only rich people can afford these luxury items. The conflict is apparent as the majority of people strive for having those products. Thus, I observed many people strolling along the shop windows or even inside luxury boutiques. Obviously, they could not afford buying the products, but sometimes such people bought some of those luxury items. Therefore, they worked harder during certain period of time to obtain the resource they wanted. Eventually, some of these people obtain the resource they want. This situation common for shopping malls is illustrative as this conflict often leads to quite drastic changes. Eventually, people can become wealthier and start shopping at luxury boutiques only. Likewise, certain groups in the society can also obtain privileged position. Apart from the conflict theory, certain concepts of structural functionalism can also be found at shopping malls. Again, sales can be seen as the most suggestive examples of one of sociological concepts. Sales have become a part of people’s collective consciousness. These venues can be regarded as a kind of ritual. Sales are often associated with some kind of craze. Shoppers follow the general flow of people and start buying things they never wanted and would never buy in ordinary settings. More so, even without any sales people do follow some sort of collective behavioral patterns. Many people think that only some sport games or religious rituals can turn people into zombies. Nonetheless, visiting a shopping mall can also turn people into zombies for certain period of time. Thus, some gatherings (promo activities, advertising campaigns, etc.) attracts people’s attention and shoppers are eager to participate in a vari ety of activities to win something they do not need or do not even want. People can hardly resist this temporary craze. Obviously, collective consciousness does work at shopping malls, and sellers make use of it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Concepts in Shopping Malls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Of course, a variety of other sociological concepts can be traced at a shopping mall. It took me only several hours of observation to trace the most noticeable concepts. A bit deeper research can provide valuable insights into microsociological as well as macrosociological theories. Therefore, it is possible to state that a shopping mall can be regarded as one of the most â€Å"spectacular† sites for a sociologist. Any boutique or even a parking area turns into a jungle where people try to become the â€Å"fittest†. More so, a couple of days at a shopping mall during sales can be regard ed as an illustration of the history of human society. The evolution of the societies can be traced when observing people trying to get the best bargain. It becomes clear that conflict theory is the most comprehensive concept which helps to understand people’s behavior. Thus, people are in a constant chase for certain resources they find valuable. Those who â€Å"win the race† can evolve and penetrate into a group of privileged people, while the rest have to constantly participate in the rat race. This essay on Sociological Concepts in Shopping Malls was written and submitted by user Noah Castro to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Critique Essay Sample on a Film

A Critique Essay Sample on a FilmA critique essay sample on a film is just as it sounds. Critiquing a film, in order to make a good film criticism, is done with a simple essay about what you liked and did not like about the film. The objective is to criticize and not to promote the movie, so if you do that, then you might as well just leave the field and keep writing novels.A critique essay sample on a film is mostly intended for those who are not necessarily film buffs. You can find this kind of critique sample on all kinds of websites online, but the best bet is to go directly to the source, the film studio itself. Film studios are most likely to provide the critique that they deem appropriate for a particular film, as well as to the critic themselves. These studios offer their critics a critique and a finished copy of the film to review before they're actually allowed to watch the film.However, if you are really interested in a critique essay sample on a film, you will also find t hat there are many different sites out there that offer critiques, which may not be as good as the original critique. This is also something to keep in mind; sometimes you can be able to read a critique, but you may find that it is not very good.All in all, it's an experience that is highly subjective and not one that you will get from reading reviews online. A critique is all about the individual and their personal preferences, so you can get a good idea of how someone else felt about the film, but you cannot always judge for yourself if you want to!When I say that it is all subjective, it does mean that the critique comes from the very individual who is critiquing the film. This means that the writer will be mostly based upon their personal preferences and opinions, and not be based upon things that are objectively true at all. If you're looking for a critique on a movie, it's probably best to go with a professional, as they should have their own ideas about the film as well as th e specific scene that they're reviewing. Also, in order to get a good quality critique, you should look for a film studio. They can actually give you more or less the same thing as the film that they are reviewing.But in the end, the major role of the critic is to make you aware of the elements that are wrong with the film. This is the major part of the critique.So if you are interested in doing a critique on a movie, you should take your time and look around and really get a feel for the movie that you are reviewing. You need to really know about the film that you are critiquing in order to make sure that you are not going too far out of your way to compliment a film. Otherwise, you could come off as a spoiled movie buff, but this doesn't mean that the film is going to be any better.

In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essays

In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essays In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essay In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essay this, possibly above all other Shakespeare dramas, is inextricably linked to the wider field of society and civilization. As many observers have pointed out ( Kermode, 1990 [ 1 ] ; Coursen, 2000 ; Vaughan and Vaughan, 1991 )The Tempestis best seen as a complex web of changing socio-political and cultural concerns that each adds to the overall dramatic sense of the drama [ 2 ] . With this in head, in this essay I would wish to concentrate on three specific countries that I feel are synecdochic with the larger socio-political dramatic purpose. First, I would wish to look at the character of Caliban and particularly how it relates to colonial discourses in the in-between portion of the 16th century and the early portion of the 17th century. Then I will travel on to look at impressions of Catholicism, particularly as it relates to recent arguments refering Shakespeare’s ain line of descent and the content of Prospero’sEpilogueand, eventually, I will look at the little but revealing image of Miranda and Ferdinand’s game of cheat in the last Act and how this relates to issues of sovereignty and the political plant of Thomas More. All of these countries, although disparate, are connected non merely in the political orientation of the drama but to the wider societal scene of early Jacobean England. As Vaughan and Vaughan province in their surveyShakespeare’s Caliban( 1991 ) , the portrayal of Caliban inThe Tempestis built-in to an apprehension of many of the socio-political influences of the drama: â€Å"Caliban. In modern poesy he is a repeating symbol for the victimization of Third World people. In the theater he can be anything the manager imagines, from amphibious to punk rocker to black militant.† ( Vaughan and Vaughan, 1991: 3 ) Commensurate with this, the writers place the historical roots of Caliban steadfastly in the find of America and its native people. For Vaughan and Vaughan, as for many others, the image of Caliban as the obscene other to the learned Prospero or the filmy Ariel, is evidently drawn from modern-day histories of native Americans. Trinculo’s averments in Act II, Scene II seem to bare this out: â€Å"†¦there would this monster make a adult male ; any unusual animal there makes a adult male: when they will non give a doit to alleviate a square mendicant, they will put out 10 to see a dead Indian.† ( Act II, Scene II ) As Kermode tells us ( 1990 ) this makes direct mention to the exhibiting of native Americans in England by adventurers and showmen like Martin Frobisher and George Weymouth ( Bissell, 1925: 56 ) . This impression is compounded farther by Trinculo’s holding Caliban an â€Å"islander† ( Act II, Scene II ) . As a dramatic concept, Caliban comes near to the portrayal of Montaigne in hisOn Cannibals( 1993 ) , in fact Vaughan and Vaughan suggest that the name Caliban, itself, could be a portion anagram, portion bastardization of the term ‘cannibal’ . Montaigne’s essay is, in some sense typical of many early and mid Enlightenment preparations of the ‘savage’ or ‘man in a province of nature’ . For Montaigne, as for Shakespeare through Caliban, autochthonal people represented non merely an other but a distillment of expulsed traits, both good and bad, from the complications of tribunal society, as Montaigne says: â€Å"They spend the whole twenty-four hours dancing. Their immature work forces travel hunting after wild animals with bows and pointers. Some of their adult females employ themselves in the interim with the heating of their drink, which is their rule duty.† ( Montaigne, 1993: 111 ) This is some of the blissful ignorance we detect in the character of Caliban who, aside from being the animal of load for both Prospero and Trinculo and Stephano displays a natural exuberance at times: â€Å"Caliban: I’ll show thee the best springs ; I’ll pluck thee nerries ; I’ll fish for thee, and acquire thee wood sufficiency. A pestilence upon the autocrat I serve1 I’ll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee, Thou wonderous man.† ( Act II, Scene II ) This last transition, nevertheless, high spots a aspect of the Elizabethan and Jacobean consciousness and attitude towards the freshly found autochthonal people. The overruling sense, throughout the drama, sing Caliban’s character is one of servitude, of merrily being ruled and conquered by foreign colonists [ 3 ] . This is besides reflected in histories such as Bartolome de las Casas’On the Indians, published in 1552: â€Å"The Roman Pontiff, canonically chosen vicar of Jesus Christ and replacement of St. Peter, has the authorization and the power of Christ himself, the boy of God, over all work forces in the universe, trusters or infidels.† ( Englander, Norman, O’Day and Owens, 1990 ) It is no great thematic leap to compare the Godhead right of apostolic sovereignty over the native people of the Americas with the images of Caliban’s bondage inThe Tempest[ 4 ] . This point forms the footing of much Margaret Paul Joseph’s survey of colonial discourses in Carribean literature,Caliban in Exile( 1992 ) , in which she besides equates the relationship of Caliban and Prospero with colonial servitude: â€Å"Thus it comes about that Shakespeare gives Prospero an island to govern and Caliban a maestro to function. It besides comes about that Prospero and Caliban thereby provide us with a powerful metaphor for colonialism. An outgrowth of this reading is the abstract status of being Caliban, the victim of history, frustrated by the cognition of arrant powerlessness.† ( Paul Joseph, 1992: 2 ) If Caliban is the obscene addendum to the white European Renaissance society, Prospero is its exemplar. As Harold Bloom provinces ( 2000 ) , Prospero is, in many ways a complex of many Shakespearean heroes and tragic figures ; he has the air of tragic royalty as shown inRichard II, he resembles, to some extent the Duke inAs You Like Itand has some of the degage adulthood of the same inTwelfth Night. However, as David Beauregard states in his essay â€Å"New Light on Shakespeare’s Catholicism† ( 1997 ) , Prospero is, in many ways, symbolic of Shakespeare himself and it is theEpilogueto the drama that reflects this most. As Kermode states theEpiloguetoThe Tempestis â€Å"at the bosom of the contention refering the reading of the drama as personal allegory† ( Kermode, 1990: 133 ) nevertheless, as we shall see, it besides has a great trade to state us about modern-day socio-politics. Prospero’s place in the play is that of usurped victim to Antonio’s political maneuvering: â€Å"With all honours, on my brother: whereon, A unreliable ground forces levied, one midnight Fated to th’ intent, did Antonio open The Gatess of Milan ; and I’th’ dead of darkness, The curates for th’ intent hurried hence Maines and they shouting self.† ( Act I, Scene II ) Kermode asserts that line 131 here, that makes reference of the â€Å"ministers† refers merely to â€Å"those who are employed† ( Kermode, 1990: 17 ) , nevertheless we can besides observe the twinning, in this really early subdivision of the drama of the socio-politics of the Milanese tribunal with faiths persecution and ejection. A point David Beauregard makes with mention to theEpilogue: â€Å"In general, the text of Prospero s epilogue shows a consistent usage of these interlacing theological footings and philosophies. The cardinal dramatic position of a adult male confronting concluding desperation and appealing for alleviation to intercessory supplications to put him free from his mistakes or wickednesss is decidedly non Protestant.† ( Beauregard, 1997: 1 ) Beauregard points to cases of Catholic traditional knowledge and wording in the Epilogue every bit good as the overall subject of wickedness and requital within the play ; a leitmotiv he associates with a Catholic scruples. The last line, for case, with its usage of the word â€Å"indulgence† , as Beauregard states reflects the many Catholic piece of lands go arounding at the clip of the play’s production, texts such Robert Bellarmine’sAn Ample Declaration of the Christian Doctrinethat besides, as Beauregard states makes reference of the nature of the â€Å"captive soul† by wickedness ( Beauregard, 1997:1 ) . The erudite Prospero is besides brooding of the erudite James I ( Coursen, 2000: 19 ) and the connection of Miranda and Ferdinand, representative of the two houses of Milan, can be seen as symbolic of the promise of peace between Protestant and Catholic under Jacobean kingship [ 5 ] . The elusive relationship between Catholic and Protestant at this clip is neatly summed up in Churchill’sA History of the English Speaking Peopless: â€Å"The Jesuits who had assailed Elizabeth were almighty in Rome, and replied with many volumes assailing his right to the throne. The air seemed charged with secret plans. James, although inclined to acceptance, was forced to move. Catholics were fined for declining to go to the services of the Established Church and their priests were banished.† ( Churchill, 1980: 118 ) TheEpilogue, so, can be seen as a encomium to Catholic-Protestant peace through art and supplication: â€Å"†¦.Now I want Liquors to enfore, Art to enrapture ; And me stoping is desperation, Unless I be reliev’d by prayer.† ( Epilogue ) In some ways it can believe of as appealing straight to James I [ 6 ] , biding the late crowned King to with wisdom and â€Å"gentleness† , as does Prospero, in unifying the two cabals, symbolized in the relationship between Miranda and Ferdinand. The seminal scene, of class, having Ferdinand and Miranda comes portion manner through Act V, Scene I and is heralded with the phase waies: â€Å"Here Prospero discovers Ferdinand and Miranda playing chess† ( Act V, Scene I ) As Kermode points out ( 1990, 122 ) this is â€Å"one of the comparatively rare mentions to chess in Shakespeare† so we could deduce, possibly, that it is of import to the socio-political dogmas of the drama. There are literary reverberations of Shakespeare’s usage of cheat in Thomas Middleton’s 1625 dramaA Game of Chess( Middleton, 1999 ) , where the Jacobean evocation of socio-politics with game playing is apparent from the Prologue: What of the game called chess-play can be made To do a stage-play, shall this twenty-four hours be played. First you shall see the work forces in order set, States and their pawns, when both the sides are met, The houses good distinguished, in their game Some work forces entrapped and taken, to their shame† ( Middleton, Prologue ) In a clip of political mutual opposition, with Protestant levies to the Crown and Catholic secret plans on parliament, the symbolism of two opposing warring cabals was disposed. Chess, as a cultural symbol besides features in Thomas More’sUtopia( 1965 ) and has been seen, by many observers as an of import influence on Shakespeare’s usage inThe Tempest( Neilson, 1956 ; Friedman, 1957 ) . Ferdinand and Miranda are non so much symbols of a Crown and a state reunited but of the promise of such. Prospero’s island, wracked with storms and turbulency, peopled by creative persons ( in the signifier of Ariel ) , monsters, saps, buffoons, wise work forces, male monarchs and rummies is a clear symbol for England in the early portion of the Seventeenth Century. In many ways,The Tempestis a fitting drama for a new century ; it exists as non so much socio-political fable but psychosocial exegesis. The psychological aspirations and wants of Shakespeare are instilled in two of the play’s most unmarked characters, Miranda and Ferdinand who have, over the many old ages of critical thought on the drama been ignored mostly in favor of Ariel, Prospero and Caliban. However, as we have seen, they provide us with non merely the romantic psyche of the piece but the political bosom. If Prospero is symbolic of Jacobean wisdom, the two lovers are symbols of a united state where truth and security is found through common trust and apprehension: â€Å"Miranda: Sweet Lord, you play me false. Ferdinand: No, my dearest love, I would non for the world.† ( Act V, Scene I ) As we have seen, so, a cognition of modern-day socio-politics and civilization is non merely good to an apprehension ofThe Tempestbut, virtually, built-in to it. However this must ever be tempered with an grasp of the psychological motives of the writer. It is besides merely through an grasp of modern-day arguments that we hope to compare Shakespearean play to our ain societal and political climes. At the beginning of a new millenary we are, possibly, ideally situated to appreciate the many socio-political leitmotivs in the drama, the many poetic figure of speechs environing the impression of get downing once more and new skylines. Prospero’sEpilogue, every bit good as being a veiled mention to Catholic absolution and indulgence is a anthem to political mildness and integrity, it is merely in such a clime can art and literature genuinely flourish: â€Å"Unless I reliev’d by supplication, Which pierces so, that it assaults Mercy itself, and frees all mistakes. As you from offenses would pardon’d be Let your indulgences put me free.† ( Epilogue ) Mentions Beauregard, Daniel ( 1997 ) , â€Å"New Light On Shakespeare’s Catholicism: Prospero’s Epilogue in The Tempest† , published inRenaissance Essays on Values in Literature Vol. 49 Bissell, Benjamin ( 1925 ) ,The American Indian in English Literature of the Eighteenth Century, ( New Haven: Yale University Press ) Bloom, Allan and Jaffa, Harry ( 1964 ) ,Shakespeare’s Politicss, ( London: Basic Books ) Bloom, Harold ( 2000 ) ,Shakespeare’s Love affairs, ( London: Chelsea House ) Churchill, Winston ( 1980 ) ,A History of the English Speaking Peopless: Vol. II The New World, ( London: Bantham ) Coursen, H.R ( 2000 ) ,The Tempest: A Guide to the Play, ( London: Greenwood Press ) Englander, David, Norman, Diana, O’Day, Rosemary and Owens, W.R ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1990 ) ,Culture and Belief in Europe 1450-1600: An Anthology of Beginnings, ( London: basil Blackwell ) Joseph, Margaret Paul ( 1992 ) ,Caliban in Exile: The Outsider in Caribbean Fiction, ( London: Greenwood imperativeness ) Kamps, Ivo ( 1995 ) ,Materialist Shakespeare: A History, ( London: Verso ) Mannoni, O ( 1956 ) ,Prospero and Caliban: The Psychology of Colonization, ( London: Methuen ) Middleton, Thomas ( 1999 ) ,Womans Beware Women and Other Plaies, ( Oxford: Oxford University Press ) Montaigne, Michel De ( 1993 ) ,Essaies, ( London: Penguin ) More, Thomas 1965 ) ,Utopia, ( London: Penguin ) Neilson, Francis ( 1956 ) ,Shakspere and the Tempest, ( London: Richard Smith ) Shakespeare, William ( 1990 ) ,The Tempest: Arden Edition, Kermode, Frank ( erectile dysfunction ) , ( London: Routledge ) Tanner, J.R ( 1952 ) ,Constitutional Documents of the Reign of James I: A.D. 1603-1625, ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ) Vaughan, Alden and Vaughan, Virginia mason ( 1991 ) ,Shakespeare’s Caliban, ( Cambridge, Cambridge University Press ) Wiltenburg, Robert ( 1987 ) , â€Å"The Aeneid and The Tempest† , published inShakespeare Survey 39. 1

Descriptive Statistics of a Data Source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Descriptive Statistics of a Data Source - Essay Example The research reported in this journal article presents a non-parametrical assessment of data on global free trade agreements and their potential effects on the international trade flow based on a statistical assessment of the number and revenues generated from bilateral trade agreements established during the timeframe beginning in 1960 when few FTAs were negotiated, until 2000, when their existence began to dominate global trade policies. The authors concluded that this analysis of the correlation between these two parameters produced a useful and relevant estimate of the effects of FTSa on bilateral trade as a representative of a more generalised international profile. The data suggested that the absence of FTAs has become an increasingly negative economic burden on nations who lack such agreements in regard to their trading position on a bilateral basis. The variables chosen for evaluation are: 1. Log sum of revenues for nations with FTAs; 5 year interval calculations 1960-2000; 2. Log sum of revenues for nations without FTAs, 5 year interval calculations 1960-2000; 3. Difference in log sum values for nations with and without FTAs as a function of time; 4. total number of FTAs worldwide for 5 year intervals ranging from 1960-2000. The data represented in Figures 1-5 indicate that there was a positive correlation between the overall increase in the total number of FTAs globally and the disadvantage to nations not participating in FTAs in regard to the revenues generated by bilateral trade agreements. Overall, the results are suggestive that the increasing trend toward establishing FTAs affects other types of trade agreements, specifically, BTAs.

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment Research Paper

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment - Research Paper Example There have been times when proper rights do not get provided which results in an outcry among the employees of the industry. The history of formation contracts can be dated back from 1960s and early 1970s when Major League Baseball Player Association (MLBPA) entered into the scenario. Introduction of players association also enabled sports agent to enter into the games and then with the passage of time, in late 1990s the trend of sports agencies or more renowned as sports agency firms started and afterwards many players joined several sports agencies and today all big names in sports have some kind of affiliation or connection with sports agencies. Players like Roger Federer, Tiger Woods, Maria Sharapova have affiliation with Octagon. NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB have affiliations with IMG. there are many other stars having their own agents who negotiate with different organizations and producers on different issues (Ferrand, Torrigiani, & Povill, 2007). Having a contract is one of the legal way to form an agreement or relationship between the organization and the person. Therefore celebrities as well as players need to have form agreements with the organization. Contact is important because it defines the rights and obligation of both the parties involved. And in this way one can avoid different conflicts and negotiate with each other in more effective and efficient manner. With the introduction of third parties like agents and sport agency firms along with the popularity of different sports and celebrities because of extensive coverage of media, at the same time more investors and organizations are ready to make investment in sports and media, the bargaining power of players, athletes and celebrities have increased a lot against organizations and sponsors. Therefore now players, celebrities and athletes demand a lot more than before. Previously associations used to pay after making the players and celebrities